American Bully Dog Breed Information and Characteristics

Is Clicker Training The Most Effective Way To Train Dogs?

I recently was a witness to a rather heated argument between two dog trainers about the relative effectiveness of "clicker training" compared to "marker training." After much noise and hand waving, it appeared that neither could provide convincing evidence and the issue was left unresolved. Fortunately, there is now scientific data that does answer the question and should settle their debate.

For those of you who are not all that familiar with clicker training, it really is quite simple. It depends upon a little plastic toy that makes a clicking sound. The dog learns that whenever he hears that sound, a treat is coming immediately after. So the dog sets about trying to produce behaviors that cause the trainer to sound that click, knowing that it will be followed by a reward. In so doing, the dog learns which behavior is wanted. Thus, the training sequence is quite simple: get the behavior; mark that behavior (with a click); reward the behavior. The more that the behavior is repeated and rewarded, the stronger that behavior becomes. To understand what is going on psychologically during clicker training, you should read this.

Marker training is exactly the same as clicker training, the only difference is that instead of using the clicker as a reward signal, you use some other signal. It might be a voice signal, such as "yes" or "good dog." When the basic concept behind this form of training was introduced to the general public by psychologist B. F. Skinner in a 1951 Scientific American article, he chose a clicking sound simply because it appeared to be more precise and was easily heard. However, according to Skinner himself, the marker doesn't even have to be a sound but could be some sort of visual signal, such as a light flash or a hand movement.

Clicker training began to grow in popularity among dog trainers following the publication of Karen Pryor's book Don't Shoot the Dog in 1984. Her workshops and videotapes emphasized the use of the clicker and after a while, the presumption among dog trainers grew into a belief that the only form of truly effective marker training is when a click is used as a signal. Numerous dog training websites suggest that the use of a clicker is the "only" efficient way to train dogs for any kind of complex task. Meanwhile, a number of other dog trainers continue to side with psychologists who say that there is nothing special about the clicking sound but any kind of signal that can be precisely delivered when the dog produced the wanted behavior will work as well as a training aid.

Recently, a team of researchers headed by Cinzia Chiandetti of the University of Trieste decided to see if clicker training was the most effective way to teach dogs. They used a sample of 51 pet dogs, each of which was to be trained on a novel task and then also tested to see how well they generalized their learning (that is how they applied their learning to new situations which were new but somewhat similar). A group of 17 dogs was trained using a clicker and 17 were trained using a verbal reward marker, namely the word "bravo." When these investigators designed the study, they thought that a third group of 17 dogs would be trained using only a reward and no marker, but they later recognized that the dogs probably were responding to a visual signal, namely the bowing of the trainer when she moved forward and bent over to deliver the reward to the dog. Regardless of the marker used, all of the dogs were highly motivated because the reward was either a piece of sausage or cheese, depending on their preference.

Training used a method called "shaping" or "successive approximations" in which the dog is rewarded for behaviors that get closer and closer to what they finally have to learn to do. The task they were learning was to open a plastic breadbox by pushing the handle up with their nose or muzzle. The dogs had up to three training sessions a day until they were able to open the breadbox eight out of 10 times in a row.

The dogs were then retested a week later to see how much of the original learning they had retained. At this time, they were also tested on two other tasks that could be solved using the same motion of their muzzle and head. The simple test used a different colored breadbox that had the back removed (in other words very similar to the box used during training). The second test was somewhat more complex because the test apparatus was a different size and shape and made out of wood instead of plastic.

All of the dogs successfully learned the basic task, and almost all of the dogs completed both the simple and the complex test tasks regardless of whether the marker was a clicker sound, a spoken word, or a visual signal. Because the experiment was being conducted to see which of these forms of markers produced the fastest and most efficient learning, these investigators looked at a number of different measures to determine the level of performance and rate of learning. These included the length of time taken in training and how many attempts each dog required for each of three different stages of learning, namely: to reach the first successful behavior (opening the box); to get from there to the criterion of 8 out of 10 correct in training; and to complete the simple and complex generalization tests.

What these researchers found that there were absolutely no significant differences between the group that was trained using the clicker compared to the group who was trained using a word as a marker or sample of dogs who were trained using the visual signal of the trainer bending over as a marker. The researchers admit that this surprised them since they had been expecting some advantage due to the uniqueness and precision of the clicker sound. They summarize their results by saying, "Our study is consistent with previous works conducted in different laboratories with both dogs and horses … which, taken together, point toward no advantage in favor of the shaping method using one acoustic signal over another." In other words, the clicker sound and the word of praise produced exactly the same learning outcome.

The data from this study suggest that when you are training dogs, you can go with your own personal preference and use a clicker or your voice and still expect the same degree of learning. Certainly, some people enjoy clicker training a lot and think that it is more fun than other methods. Those individuals will probably want to continue to use it. Others who want to hold the leash in one hand and use their other hand to guide the dog rather than to hold and operate a clicker, can now confidently expect that they will get the same learning outcomes by using a verbal marker such as "yes" or "bravo."

When I described the results of this experiment to a dog trainer from Texas, she laughed and said, "I have worked out the perfect compromise. My marker to tell my dog that he has done the right thing is when I say the word 'click!'"

Stanley Coren is the author of many books including Gods, Ghosts and Black Dogs and The Wisdom of Dogs.

Copyright SC Psychological Enterprises Ltd. May not be reprinted or reposted without permission.

References

Cinzia Chiandetti, Silvia Avella, Erica Fongaro, Francesco Cerri (2016). Can clicker training facilitate conditioning in dogs? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 184, 109-116. Http://dx.Doi.Org/10.1016/j.Applanim.2016.08.006

More references

Clicker Training 101 - WebMD

"No cats on the counter!"Sound familiar? We all order our pets to stop this or stay off that. Pets do need to learn household rules, just like any other family member, but it doesn't have to be all about "No!"

"The conventional view is that the purpose of any training is to stop the animal from doing things. But modern training is built on reinforcing what you want and replacing the behavior you don't like with something you do like," says Karen Pryor, author of Reaching the Animal Mind: Clicker Training and What It Teaches Us About All Animals. She is a pioneer of the clicker-training method, based on the work of psychologist and behaviorist B.F. Skinner. The method has been used to train hundreds of species, even guinea pigs and pet rabbits. You use a sound, such as a click, to show your pet when it has done what you wanted and to alert it that a reward, such as a bit of food, is on the way.

"The click penetrates into the nervous system in a way that natural cues in the wild would," Pryor says. "You're ringing the bell in the brain, dopamine cascades, they get a sense of thrill, and -- bingo -- now they get the food."

Saying "good!" isn't the same as a click. "It's a sound that's set aside only for this instance. People think they can say 'yes' and 'good,' but you [also] say, 'yes' and 'good' on the telephone all the time. [These words have] no benefit for your pet," Pryor says.

Here's how to get started: Buy a clicker, a small hand-held noisemaker available at pet supply stores. A bell or whistle will work, too.

Next, teach your pet that the sound brings a treat by clicking, then immediately give your pet a small piece of food. After a few rounds, only click when she does what you ask. Start with something she may already know how to do, such as coming when you call her.

Once your pet has learned that cue, reserve the click for other behaviors you're trying to teach. For example, when your dog is on the couch, say "down." When he gets down, click and treat. "This is universal."

Q: "My dog goes freely in and out the doggy door and sometimes he climbs the fence. How can I get him to stop?" -- Shannon Caldwell 44, career coach, Athens, Ga.

A: "Getting your dog to change his behavior when you're not there to correct it is not a training problem. It's a management problem. You can train the dog to come when you call his name. But if you're not home, you can't expect the dog to change his ways when he wants to go out exploring. He's going to find ways to amuse himself when you're not there, and climbing the fence is one of them. Keep the dog inside when you're gone -- or build a higher fence." -- Karen Pryor

Find more articles, browse back issues, and read the current issue of "WebMD Magazine."

GREGG FLOWERS: Does A 'clicker' Help With My Dog's Obedience Training? - Sarasota Herald-Tribune

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