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Sea Spiders Breathe Through Pores In Their Legs
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You can find a sea spider living in marine habitats all over the world, from shallow waters to the deep sea. They have the same eight legs you'd expect from land spiders, and like most species of spiders, sea spiders have segmented bodies and protective exoskeletons made of chitin.
Fossil records show that sea spiders have existed for hundreds of millions of years, boasting an ancient lineage within the world of marine invertebrates. Let's dive a little deeper.
What Do Sea Spiders Look Like?These marine arthropods span a wide range of sizes. Some are minuscule, with a leg span of only 0.4 inches (1 centimeter). The largest sea spider species are found closer to the North and South Poles, and they can have a leg span of up to 28 inches (70 centimeters).
Their trunks are small in contrast to their long, multi-jointed, stilt-like legs, which house many of their vital organs. In fact, their genitals and most of their digestive system are encased in these delicate legs.
Sea spider hearts are also so weak that they rely on their digestive systems to circulate blood. And, one more fun fact: Male sea spiders carry the young, not females!
How Do Sea Spiders Breathe Underwater?Most sea creatures have gills (like fish and lobsters) or lungs (like whales). Yet, sea spiders have neither gills nor lungs.
A study, published in the March 28, 2018 issue of the "Journal of Experimental Biology," has gotten to the bottom of how sea spiders move oxygen through their bodies by studying several species of giant Antarctic sea spiders.
The research team found sea spiders take oxygen into their bodies through hundreds of tiny pores in their cuticle, the tough outer skin that gives them structure and protection.
They put giant Antarctic sea spiders in respiration chambers to see exactly how much oxygen they were absorbing, and they found they were taking in enough through tiny holes all over their legs to run their entire bodies.
What Do Sea Spiders Eat?Sea spiders primarily feed on soft-bodied animals such as sea anemones, worms and jellies. They'll also nibble on soft corals.
When they eat, they use their specialized tube-like mouths, or proboscis, to suck out nutrients.
Original article: Sea Spiders Breathe Through Pores in Their Legs
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Study Finds Sea Spiders Can Regrow Body Parts, Not Just Limbs, Raising Questions About Medical Treatment For Humans
Sea spiders can regrow body parts after amputation and not just limbs, according to a study released on Monday that may pave the way for further scientific research into regeneration.
"Nobody had expected this," said Gerhard Scholtz of Humboldt University in Berlin, senior author of the study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. "We were the first to show that this is possible."
It is well documented that many different types of arthropods such as centipedes, spiders, and other insects can regrow limbs after a loss.
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"Crabs can even automatically get rid of their limbs if they are attacked," Scholtz said. "They replace it by a new limb."
What the researchers discovered with their experiments with the tiny eight-legged sea spiders is that they are able to regenerate body parts other than limbs.
For the study, they amputated different hind limbs and posterior parts of 23 immature and adult sea spiders and monitored the results.
There was no regeneration of body parts in the adult sea spiders but some of them are still alive two years later.
This undated handout picture provided by the University of Greifswald obtained on January 23, 2023 shows a fully regenerated adult male sea spider. Photo: AFP/ Georg Brenneis/University of Greifswald
The juvenile specimens, on the other hand, experienced a complete or a near-complete regeneration of the missing body parts including the hindgut, anus, musculature, and parts of reproductive organs.
Ninety per cent of the sea spiders survived long-term and 16 of the young ones went on to moult at least once.
Regrowth of the posterior was observed in 14 of the young spiders while none of the adult specimens moulted or regenerated.
Regeneration capabilities vary throughout the animal kingdom. Flatworms, for example, can regrow their body just from a few cells.
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Vertebrates, which include humans, have virtually no regeneration capability with some exceptions such as lizards which can regrow tails.
Scholtz said the findings could pave the way for further research in the field.
"There's a wealth of different species that can be tested in this way," he said.
The next step may be to try to discover the mechanism behind the regrowth.
Ninety per cent of the sea spiders involved in the experiment survived long-term. Photo: Shutterstock
"We can try to find out on the cellular level and the molecular level what indicates the regeneration," he said.
"Perhaps there are stem cells involved which are undifferentiated cells that can assume new shape and fate?"
"In the end, maybe the mechanisms we detect in arthropods may help medical treatments of limb loss or finger loss and so on in humans," Scholtz said. "This is always the hope."
'Spiders On Mars' And Ancient Sea Monsters: 5 Of The Biggest Science Stories You Read In 2024
From orcas wearing salmon hats to April's total solar eclipse, it's been a big year for science news. We've brought together the five stories that you loved the most in 2024, starting with a cosmic conundrum that could rewrite everything we thought we knew about the universe.
We've been wrong about the universe
At the start of the year, the James Webb and Hubble space telescopes teamed up to confirm one of the most troubling conundrums in physics — that the universe is expanding at different speeds depending on where we look.
The phenomenon was first observed by Hubble in 2019 and again by James Webb in 2023, but scientists hoped there might have been an error in the measurements. But on Feb. 6, a triple-check confirmed these discrepancies, throwing what we thought we knew about the universe into question.
"With measurement errors negated, what remains is the real and exciting possibility we have misunderstood the universe," lead study author Adam Riess, professor of physics and astronomy at Johns Hopkins University, said in a statement.
Discover more James Webb highlights from 2024
—James Webb telescope solves 20-year-old Hubble conundrum — and it could finally explain why the universe's oldest planets exist
—James Webb telescope finds carbon at the dawn of the universe, challenging our understanding of when life could have emerged
—James Webb telescope sees 'birth' of 3 of the universe's earliest galaxies in world-1st observations
Spiders on Mars
More extraterrestrial excitement was stirred towards the end of April, when the European Space Agency (ESA) photographed hordes of spindly, spider-like markings littered across Mars' south polar region, around a mysterious formation known as Inca City.
The black clusters appeared to have tiny, spoke-like legs, reminiscent of a huddle of baby spiderlings. However, ESA revealed that the "alien arachnids" were actually a seasonal geological feature born from layers of melting carbon dioxide ice.
Indeed, a few months later, researchers were actually able to recreate these strange spider-like structures on our own planet.
Discover more space highlights
—Fallout from NASA's asteroid-smashing DART mission could hit Earth — potentially triggering 1st human-caused meteor shower
–Astronauts stranded in space due to multiple issues with Boeing's Starliner — and the window for a return flight is closing
—No, you didn't see a solar flare during the total eclipse — but you may have seen something just as special
Giant 200-million-year-old 'sea monster' found on beach
Also in April, scientists unearthed the remains of what they believe to be the largest marine reptile ever discovered, on a beach in Somerset in the U.K.
Piecing together the remaining bone fragments from the 200-million-year-old Triassic predator, the team estimated that the living animal would have been about 82 feet (25 meters) long. This smashes the previous record for the largest marine reptile — Shonisaurus sikanniensis, which would have measured around 69 ft (21 m).
The researchers named the newly discovered fossil Icthyotitan severnensis, which means giant lizard fish of the Severn, after the Severn Estuary where it was found.
Discover more animal highlights
—Hidden DNA found in blue whales reveals they've been mating with other species — and their hybrid offspring
—Orcas start wearing dead salmon hats again after ditching the trend for 37 years
—Ants perform life saving operations — the only animal other than humans known to do so
Earth's inner core is slowing down
Since 2014, scientists have noticed a mysterious trend deep inside our planet — Earth's solid inner core is spinning unusually slowly.
The moon-size chunk of solid iron and nickel at the center of our planet is surrounded by an outer layer of swirling liquid iron, and it is this outer core — combined with gravitational forces from the overlying mantle — that appears to be slowing down the inner core's rotation.
But what does this mean for us? So far, we can only speculate, but researchers say it could potentially lengthen days on Earth — albeit only by a couple of milliseconds.
Discover more planet earth highlights
—Never-before-seen shapes up to 1,300 feet long discovered beneath Antarctic ice
—Key Atlantic current could collapse soon, 'impacting the entire world for centuries to come,' leading climate scientists warn
—'Superstructure' bigger than Idaho has been growing on the seafloor by Fiji since the dinosaur age
700-year-old child sacrifice
In early November, archaeologists uncovered a 700-year-old burial mound in Peru containing the remains of 76 sacrificed children and two adults. Each had had their chest cut open, likely to gain access to their hearts.
The bodies were accompanied by silver, gold, ornaments and the shells of a tropical marine mollusk called a Spondylus — objects that the researchers say were "more valuable than gold" for the local community at the time.
The shells also hint that the sacrifice victims may have come from a conquered northern territory and been brought to the site of the burial to work on the land. The researchers say the children may have been sacrificed in an effort to "energize" the agricultural fields.
Discover more archaeology highlights
—2,600-year-old inscription in Turkey finally deciphered — and it mentions goddess known 'simply as the Mother'
—Pompeii victims aren't who we thought they were, DNA analysis reveals
—'Simply did not work': Mating between Neanderthals and modern humans may have been a product of failed alliances, says archaeologist Ludovic Slimak
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