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What Causes A Hard Lump Under The Skin?
A cyst is a closed pocket of tissue that contains fluid or debris. Cysts can form anywhere on the body. Their texture varies depending on the material that has become trapped inside the pocket.
A cyst can develop due to a clogged oil gland or hair follicle. Cysts feel like soft blisters when they are close to the skin's surface, but they can feel like hard lumps when they develop deeper beneath the skin.
A hard cyst near the skin's surface usually contains trapped dead skin cells or proteins. Types of cysts include:
Treatment
Cysts rarely require treatment, and they will often stop growing and then occasionally disappear on their own. In some cases, a blackhead can develop near the center of a cyst. When this happens, a cyst may burst open, releasing a white or yellow discharge.
An inflammed cyst that is red, swollen, or painful may require medical treatment, such as:
Dermatofibromas are hard brown or red lumps under the skin. They usually develop on exposed areas of skin, such as the legs, arms, and back. Dermatofibromas do not develop into cancer.
In general, people who have dermatofibromas do not experience other symptoms. However, in some cases, the dermatofibroma may feel itchy, irritated, or tender to the touch.
Dermatofibromas develop when excess cells collect in the thickest layer of the skin, which is called the dermis.
The exact cause of dermatofibromas remains unclear, but potential causes include:
Treatment
Treatment for dermatofibromas is not always necessary. However, people can ask a doctor to surgically remove a dermatofibroma if they wish. This treatment is effective and typically well-received.
The other treatment options will only remove part of the dermatofibroma. They include:
Lymph nodes are small glands that filter harmful substances from lymph fluid, which is the clear liquid that travels through lymphatic vessels.
Sometimes, lymph nodes swell in response to bacterial or viral infections. They may feel hard and painful.
Swollen lymph nodes usually occur in the head, neck, armpits, or groin. Several factors can cause swollen lymph nodes, such as:
Treatment
In most cases, swollen lymph nodes will heal independently without medical treatment. If they do not, the focus of treatment should be to address the underlying cause, which is usually an infection.
A swollen lymph node that feels hard, rubbery, or immovable may indicate a more serious medical condition.
A lipoma is a benign tumor comprising fatty tissue. These noncancerous lumps develop just below the skin, and they appear pale or colorless. Lipomas usually feel soft and easily moveable.
In general, lipomas do not cause symptoms. However, a lipoma that involves multiple blood vessels or nerves may feel tender or painful. The exact cause of lipomas remains unknown. Some genetic conditions, such as Gardner's syndrome, can increase a person's likelihood of developing a lipoma.
Treatment
Lipomas do not require medical treatment unless they are painful, bothersome, or interfering with a person's ability to function normally.
Treatment options for lipomas include:
A fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor comprising fibrous tissues and gland tissues.
According to the American Cancer Society, fibroadenomas most commonly occur in women in their 20s and 30s, though they can happen at any age. Fibroadenomas usually feel firm but movable.
Fibroadenomas can develop as a result of high levels of estrogen. They may grow due to increases in hormone levels during pregnancy. In contrast, fibroadenomas can shrink during menopause.
Treatment
Fibroadenomas that are not growing in size, or producing other symptoms, will not require medical treatment. However, people should monitor themselves for any changes in the size or appearance of a fibroadenoma.
A doctor may recommend removing a fibroadenoma if:
A hard lump under the skin does not necessarily indicate cancer. Infections, clogged glands, and hormonal changes can all cause noncancerous lumps under the skin.
People should not try to remove or pop a lump. Doing this may lead to an infection or cause the lump to get bigger.
People should speak with a doctor if they have any concerns about a new or altered lump under their skin.
Most lumps will not require medical treatment as long as they do not grow larger or cause pain. People can discuss treatment options with a doctor if their lump causes any discomfort.
State Maintains Zero Deaths From Lumpy Skin Disease: Data
Panaji: Goa's cattle recorded zero cases of lumpy skin disease in 2024-25. This marks yet another year of no deaths due to lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Goa, as per statistics of the past six fiscal years.LSD is a viral infection that primarily affects cattle, leading to visible symptoms like fever, skin nodules, and a reduction in milk production. Over the past few years, several fatalities among cattle were reported in other states due to this disease. However, according to the directorate of animal husbandry and veterinary services (AHVS) in Goa, proper care and vaccination efforts kept mortality rates at zero in the state."There are sporadic cases of LSD, but that happens because we purchase animals from other states. There have been no deaths due to LSD due to timely vaccination. In Goa, the population of cattle is very low, so it is easier to contain the virus," director of animal husbandry and veterinary services Nitin Naik told TOI."We will continue to monitor the situation closely and will maintain our efforts to ensure that the disease remains under control," Naik said.Lumpy skin disease has had varying levels of impact over the past several years, with the AHVS tracking the number of positive cases each year.The AHVS has stressed the importance of continuous vaccination and surveillance to keep lumpy skin disease at bay. With no fatalities in the past year and only sporadic cases in the past several years, authorities remain optimistic about the control of the disease."While LSD is still a concern, our vaccination programmes, combined with strict monitoring protocols, and efforts by dairy farmers to maintain hygiene standards have made a significant difference. Our priority is to ensure that all cattle in high-risk areas are vaccinated and that no new outbreaks occur," an AHVS official said.In addition to vaccination, the AHVS continues to encourage farmers to report any signs of illness in cattle promptly. "Early detection is key in preventing the spread of the disease and subsequently avoiding any fatalities," the official said.Dupixent Nears EU Approval For Rare Skin Disease Prurigo Nodularis
Sanofi and Regeneron's Dupixent is on track to become the first targeted drug in the EU to be approved for prurigo nodularis (PN), a rare and highly debilitating skin disease.
The EMA's human medicines committee (CHMP) has recommended IL-4 and IL-13 inhibitor Dupixent (dupilumab) to treat adults with moderate to severe PN, a disease which causes hard lumps to form on the skin that are so itchy they can lead patients to scratch themselves to the point of bleeding or pain.
At the moment, treatment typically involves oral or topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, and some antidepressant drugs, but responses are often inadequate, vary widely between patients, and come with the burden of safety risks if used long-term.
The CHMP delivered a positive opinion on the drug at its monthly meeting last week, based on the results of two phase 3 studies – PRIME and PRIME2 – which showed that Dupixent was significantly better than placebo at reducing itch and skin lesions in adult PN patients who were unable to control symptoms using other medicines.
In almost half (45%) of patients, Dupixent treatment resulted in clear or almost clear skin after 24 weeks' treatment, compared to 16% of control subjects.
The decision sets up an approval for Dupixent in this indication by the European Commission in the coming weeks, which could make tens of thousands of additional patients eligible for treatment with the drug.
Dupixent was cleared by the US FDA for adults with PN in September, making it an option for an estimated 75,000 patients with the condition, and adding to the drug's earlier approvals in atopic dermatitis, asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and eosinophilic oesophagitis.
Sales of Dupixent rocketed 45% to around $2.4 billion in the third quarter, driven by demand in its main atopic dermatitis and severe asthma indications – fuelled by approvals in earlier age groups – as well as the smaller add-on uses.
Sanofi and Regeneron have predicted that Dupixent could make around $13 billion a year at peak, which would propel the drug into the top five biggest pharmaceutical sellers.
It is also in clinical testing for various uncommon conditions driven by type 2 inflammation – characterised by an antibody-based immune response – that lead to urticaria (hives), but could see a big step up in sales potential if it is shown to have a benefit in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a condition that affects millions of people worldwide.
Sanofi and Regeneron are running a phase 3 trial of the drug in COPD patients with type 2 inflammation called NOTUS that is due to generate results next year.
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